Pacific+Rim

= PACIFIC RIM:  =
 * 001) Notes p. 812-823:**
 * ==**Change:**==
 * New Divisions and the End of Empires**
 * **Pacific Rim:** 1980s, a number of nations, including Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and Malaysia, joined ranks of developed nations
 * 1980s- saw Vietnam and China begun to recover from foreign occupations, civil strife, revolutionary turmoil
 * China emerged as global economic power, Vietnam has increasingly opened tightly controlled society to outside world
 * following WWII, Korea had been divided b/t Russian and American zones of occupation
 * Taiwan restored to China, which was ruled by Guomindang led by Chiang-Kai-Shek
 * US regained Philippines and pledged to grant independence, retaining key military bases
 * Japanese Recovery:**
 * 1945 Japan had been in shambles, with cities burned, factories destroyed, etc.
 * American occupation under Douglas MacArthur saw an improvement of conditions and restoration of Japan's wartime political structure
 * military forces disbanded, police decentralized, many officials removed, and political prisoners released
 * American authorities pressed for democratization by giving women the right to vote, encouraging labor unions, and abolishing Shintoism as state religion
 * introduction of several economic reforms
 * breakup of landed estates for benefit of small farmers
 * new constitution attempted to cut through older limitations by making parliament the supreme gov't body
 * several civil liberties guaranteed
 * gender equality in marriage and collective bargaining rights
 * emperor became mere figure head
 * new values in constitution:
 * 1963 law called for special obligations to elderly
 * 1955- emergence of **Liberal Democracy Party**, which monopolized Japan's gov't into 1990s
 * Japan developed one of the most meritocratic systems in the world, with students advanced to university in training on basis of rigorous examinations
 * Korea: Intervention and War:**
 * post war adjustment: Allied powers agreed in principle that Korea should be restored as independent state
 * US eagerness to get Soviet help led to emergence of Soviet occupation of northern part of peninsula
 * 1947- US sponsored **Republic of Korea**= parliamentary and Soviet dominated **People's Republic of Korea** = Korean Communist Party, with Stalinist type emphasis
 * Korean War = Allied forces pushed back North Korea, driving toward Chinese border, China's communist regime intervened, leading to stalemate until 1953
 * economic change: S. Korea ushed in new phase of activity and international impact
 * Emerging Stability in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore:**
 * Taiwanese issues:
 * new set communist regime emerged in mainland China, from 1946-48, the Guomindang regime prepared to fall back on Taiwan, where the communists could not invade, due to lack of army
 * Chinese induced Chiang to renounce any intentions of attacking the mainland and conflict eased into mutual bombardments of propaganda leaflets
 * Japan's Distinctive Political and Cultural Style:**
 * Liberal Democracy party held power from 1955 onwards
 * no experience with shifts in party administration until 1993
 * changes in leadership handled through negotiations among Liberal Democratic Elite
 * Japanese political unity reinforced by Liberal Democrat's willingness to consult opposition leaders about major legislation
 * political atmosphere showed strong cooperation with business
 * state set productions and investment goal while actively lending public resources to encourage investment and limit imports --> "Japan, Incorporated"
 * gov't campaigned promotion of birth control and abortions
 * mid-1950s, rapid Japanese growth was a result of international incorporation
 * result of several factors:
 * active gov't encouragement was key
 * educational expansion played major role as Japan began to turn out far more engineers than competitors
 * foreign policy
 * Japanese devotion of almost whole capital investment in productive technology for military expenditures
 * labor policies:
 * workers organized in company unions
 * Japanese system ensured lifetime employment to important part of labor force, aided by economic growth, low average unemployment rates, and early retirement age
 * less class-conscious and less individualistic
 * Japanese distinctiveness extended to family life:
 * women did not follow Western patterns
 * feminist movements confined
 * The Pacific Rim: New Japanese:**
 * S. Korea was most obvious example of spread of new economic dynamism to other parts of Pacific Rim
 * Korean gov't rested in hands of political strongmen, usually from army ranks
 * Syngman Rhee forced out of power in 1960 by student demonstrations
 * a year later, Park Chung-hee came into power, until 1979 assassination by his director of intelligence
 * then another gained power
 * like postwar Japan, South Korean gov't from mid-1950s onward placed much emphasis on economic growth
 * huge industrial firms created by combination of gov't aid and active entrepreneurship
 * cheap consumer goods, as well as steel and automobiles
 * huge industrial groups, such as **Hyundai** and Daewoo
 * S. Korea's rapid entry into the ranks of newly industrialized countries produced many general changes:
 * pop. soared, by 1980s- over 40 million people lived in a nation about the size of Indiana
 * reason for much immigration, despite high economic properity
 * gov't encouraged couples to limit their birth rates
 * per capita income increased
 * Advances in Taiwan and the City-states:**
 * Taiwan: experienced high rate of economic development
 * productivity in agriculture and industry increased rapidly, spurred by land reform that benefitted small commerical farmers
 * gov't concentrated on economic gains as its involvement in plans for military actions against mainland communist regime declined
 * formal economic planning took place allowing latitude for private business
 * money poured into education and literacy levels and levels of technical training rose
 * important cultural and economic change for Taiwanese people
 * Western-derived medicine
 * assimilation of rapid change gave Taiwanese gov't great stability
 * US recognition of People's Repbublic of China brought with it steadily decreasing official commitment to Taiwan
 * 1978- US severed diplomatic ties with Taiwanese regime
 * Taiwan developed several informal links with communist regime in Beijing
 * republic survived after death of Chiang Kai-shek, under Chiang Ching-kuo in 1978
 * emphasized less personal authority and reduced gap b/t mainland-born military personnel and native Taiwanese in gov't ranks
 * sexual behavior and potential economic corruption, as well as more standard aspects of municipal regulation and economic planning were scrutinized
 * gov't proclaimed necessity of unusual discipline and restraint b/c of such a large population croded into limited space
 * Singapore saw manufacturing and banking surpas shipping as sources of revenue
 * electronics, textiles, and oil refining joined shipbuilding major sectors
 * 1980s- Singapore pop. enjoyed second highest per capita income in Asia
 * Hong Kong retained status as major world port and branched out as a center of international banking, serving as a bridge b/t the communist regime in China and the wider word
 * export production combined with high-speed technology with low wages and long hours forthe labor force, yielding competitive results
 * ==**Continuity:**==
 * Japanese Recovery:**
 * Japan became multiparty democracy with emphasis on one-party control in interests of order and elite control
 * Korea: Intervention and War:**
 * Korea continued dual pattern of development
 * N. Korea produced isolated version of one man rule as Kim concentrated powers over only legal political party, military, and gov't
 * S.Korea and US concluded mutual defense treaty in 1954, America troop levels reduced but S. Korean army gained better equipment
 * Emerging Stability in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore:**
 * Hong Kong remained British colony following WWII
 * Singapore retained large British naval base until 1971, when Britain abandoned all pretense of power in east Asia
 * Japan's Distinctive Political and Cultural Style:**
 * many oligarchic features of Meiji revived and Japan of 1920s
 * Japanese politics in education, Japanese culture preserved important traditional elements, which provided aesthetic and spiritual satisfactions among rapid economic change
 * customary styles such as poetry, tea ceremonies, painting, flower arrangements continued
 * desire for industrialization
 * Taiwan: experienced high rate of economic development**
 * traditional medical practices and ritualistic popular religion remained


 * Common Themes and New Problems:**
 * Pacific Rim states had more in common that their rapid growth rates and expanding exports.
 * They all stressed group loyalties against excessive individualism or protest in support of their hard work.
 * Confucian morality often used.
 * shared reliance on gov't planning and direction amid limitations on dissent and instability
 * Final years of the 20th century:
 * growth faltered
 * unemployment rose currencies from South Korea to Indonesia took drastic hit

PERIOD 2: Please have the following completed by tomorrow. Analyze economic developments in of one of the following regions from 1914 to the present. Be sure to discuss changes and continuities.
 * Latin America
 * East Asia
 * Eastern Europe

Between 1914 and the present, East Asian economy changed in that there was incorporation in the global economy, and increasing government planning. Despite these changes, culture continued to have only nominal affiliation with the economy culture was influenced by economy. During this period, American culture had large impact on Japanese economy, as they moved towards a global economy.

East Asian economy became more affiliated with the global economy. During this time, the economy experienced more government intervention, which enabled it to gain more access to new technologies to help means of production. In Japan, for example, there was active government encouragement and educational expansion, which provided more knowledge to spawn more engineers. As a result, Japan had one of the highest total national products, lagging behind America. The reason for this government intervention, was to improve quality of goods, and through government creation of large corporations, came the ability to establish many foreign relations with the global economy. The creation of better goods would decrease the need for imports, and thus yield greater profit. Korea, following this Japanese example, also established high industrial firms created by the combination of gov't and active entrepreneurship. The firms were able to create cheap goods and even automobiles, by companies such as Hyundai and Daewoo. In such endeavors, Korea was able to gain much economic prosperity, because of new industries and new foreign relations. Better foreign relations helped stabilize the economy. The incorporation of government support and creation of foreign relations in Korea, Japan, and other East-Asian nations mirrored that of many Western regions, such as the US, who emerged as a superpower, due to their large foreign ties and immense import/ export economy.

From 1914 to the present, East Asian countries experienced an increase in government planning. Government played a more active role in economy, in that it encouraged the development of better technologies. In Taiwan, for ex., as gov't concentrated economic gains less on military and more on economic planning. This allowed latitude for private business. This is significant, because gov't redirection of finances from military to industry and agriculture spurred greater economic prosperity. In Japan, there were immense formations of large corporations, which would not only employ many workers(some guaranteed lifetime positions), but also produced impressive goods. This also gave way to not only gov't, but private expenditures, which were highly beneficial to the economy. Gov't planning allowed for improved economic stability, through the creation of large businesses, which provided more jobs and production of goods for global trade.

Although East-Asian countries moved towards globalization, they did, however, maintain their own distinct cultures. Confucianism played an important role in the retention of some of these values. In Japan, for instance, Japanese politics in education, culture preserved important traditional elements, and customary styles such as poetry, painting, and others remained. The Confucian values maintained nonconformity in many of the Asian cultures. Even in Taiwan, with the combination of some Western discoveries, traditional medical practices and ritualistic popular religion remained. The desire to retain their previous values was a result of Confucian ideals that were retained from previous eras, which denounced the adapting of outside cultures.

All in all, East Asian countries changed economically in their step towards the global economy,which bolstered economic stability, and the emergence of government planning, which enabled the rise of large corporations and enterprises, and thus the creation of better goods. Despite this, the maintaining of Confucian ideals contributed to the continuing of distinct cultures in the East Asian region.

improvements:state that West had influences on Japan

Japan, WWII, Korean War = global context