iNDUSTRiAL+AGE

The Dawn of the Industrial Age, 1750- 1914
 * 1) ===Nationalism, Industrialization and Imperialism===
 * 2) ===Civilizations in Crisis: Ottoman, Egypt, and China===
 * 3) ===Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside the West===


 * **MI: During the Industrial Revolution, industrial production increased drastically, along with the speed and volume of transportation. Areas that industrialized early gained a huge economic lead over other parts of the world.**
 * Gained advantages over many parts of the world because of new, mass-produced weaponry, steamships, and communication developments.
 * Western Europe advanced towards imperialism, capturing Africa, Oceania, and many parts of Asia.
 * Industrialization reached every aspect of human endeavor. In movements, such as Futurism, some tried to render the new world of speed and mechanization. Others used knowledge of color to create images of nature that would contrast with ugliness of machines.
 * Triggers for Change:**
 * **MI: By 1750, Europe's trading advantage over much of the rest of the world was increasing, while other gunpowder empires that flourished during the Early Modern Period, like the Ottomans, began to falter. Britain's invention of the steam engine soon led to further inventions that increased western Europe's economic advantage over most other parts of the world.**
 * Europeans knew they could make money in world economy by selling manufactured goods to other countries in return for cheap foods and raw materials, such as gold and silver
 * businesses worked to accelerate manufacturing process to optimize profits
 * European gov'ts created conditions designed to encourage industrial growth by improving canals, developing central banks, holding tech. expositions, and limiting rights of labor
 * 1730- rapid pop. increase
 * created new markets for goods and new workers who were obligate to accept such jobs
 * cultural changes encouraged entrepreneurship rising appreciation for secular achievement encouraged business people to undertake new ventures, and a growing number of western Europeans were interested in and could afford new goods
 * The Big Changes**
 * **MI: Industrialization meant new sources of power, which was secured on coal usage. The steam engine, a crucial development, was used to transmit power to machines that produced textiles, metal products, and other goods. Industrialization also involved new forms of work organization, such as massing and disciplining labor within a factory system.**
 * 1840- the value of goods produced each year began to surpass that of agriculture, and the number of people involved in manufacturing began to exceed those who tended the land.
 * improvements in agricultural production were vital supports in process of industrialization
 * Industrialization had two sets of consequences; Work and politics:
 * Work- more specialized and closely supervised. These changes in work deeply affected families. Work moved out of home, challenging traditional family life, in which all family members had participated in production
 * child labor- refined in industrial societies, away from work and towards schooling
 * Industrialization spurred growth of cities
 * while there were great opportunities, there was also great tension
 * urban slums and machine-driven labor conditions
 * Politics- new middle- class groups, expanding on basis of industrial growth, sought political voice
 * as urban workers grew restive, governments had to strengthen police forces and gradually expand the right to vote among lower classes
 * new nationalist loyalties - ideological change away from primarily local and religious attachments, but provided identities for people whose traditional values were disrupted by industrial life and movement to cities
 * few societies outside West sought to industrialize
 * for some societies: industrialization increased pressures to turn out food supplies and cheap raw materials for industrial world
 * western dominance in world economy increased, as well as their intervention
 * Latin America- more production, products like coffee and copper
 * Parts of Asia - pressed into low-cost production
 * worldwide, cheap manufactured goods from Western factories put many traditional manufacturing workers, many of which were women, out of a job
 * industrial transformations of world economy provided context for European imperial expansion into many new areas
 * took over places like Africa, Europeans intensified low-cost production of food, minerals, and simple manufactured goods
 * institution of slavery came under attack
 * Atlantic slave trade abolished - early 19th century
 * slave and serf systems eliminated in Americas, Russia, Europe, Africa
 * new ideas to human rights and "free wage labor" facilitated the change
 * immigrants from Europe --> Americas + Australia
 * indenture systems : people from Asia --> Oceania, Americas, Africa
 * end of slavery = low-paid "free" labor
 * in industrial societies, smoke an d chemical and urban wastes worsened regional air and water quality
 * Continuity:**
 * **MI: Although industrialization was revolutionary, its consequences were spread out over many decades.**
 * Dramatic innovations such as department stores controlled 5% of all retail commerce in major Western cities, and the rest, traditional shops, peddling, and outdoor markets.
 * the need to respond to Western economic and military pressure was real around the world
 * Japanese society had to adapt to facilitate industrialization
 * feudal system abolished, but its legacy helped shape Japanese business organizations, and the absence of comparable legacy may have reduced Chinese flexibility for some time
 * spread of literacy in Russia
 * created new opportunities for popular literature
 * contrast to western literature, which celebrated outlaws, Russian adventure stories included triumph of state over disorder
 * response to change includes the "invention "of traditions
 * many societies sought to balance disruption by appealing to apparent sources of stability that drew on traditional themes
 * many Western leaders emphasized sanctity of family and domestic roles for women, hoping that the home would provide a "haven" fpr rapid economic change
 * ideas of family as a haven and special domestic virtues of women - partly myths
 * 1860s - US government instituted Thanksgiving = promote family and national unity
 * Impact on Daily Life: Leisure**
 * **MI: Industrial Revolution transformed leisure. Leaders in industrial centers wanted to discourage traditional festivals, b/c they took too much time away from work and led to rowdiness of workers. Factory rules limited napping, chatting, wandering around, and drinking on job.**
 * Over time, industrial societies introduced new kinds of leisure
 * professional sports- 19th century
 * new forms of popular theater attracted many to cities
 * idea of vacations- travel/ trips
 * connection to wider world
 * many mine and plantation owners sought to curb traditional forms of leisure activity in the interests of more efficient production
 * new forms of leisure pioneered in western Europe/ US was adopted elsewhere
 * soccer won interest in Latin America in 1860s
 * baseball from US - to rest of Americas and Japan in 1890s
 * 1920s- global attention of movies
 * 1920s- global attention of movies