Nationalism,+Industrialization+and+Imperialism

= Nationalism, Industrialization and Imperialism  =



**1. Complete the who, what, when, where, why analysis of the Treaty of Westphalia**

 * ====**Who?**====
 * Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Dutch Republic
 * **What?**
 * series of peace treaties signed between May and October of 1648 in Osnabruck and Munster. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War(1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years' War(1568–1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic
 * **When?**
 * 1646-1648
 * **Where?**
 * Osnabruck, Munster
 * **Why?**
 * treaties resulted from diplomatic congress, initiating a new political order in central Europe, based upon the concept of a soveign state governed by a sovereign
 * agreed to territorial tolerance concept: some princely states and cities chose one religion, some another.
 * settled rebellion of Protestant Netherlands against Spain, giving the former its full independence


 * 2. Define nationalism in your own words:**
 * Nationalism is patriotism. It embodies the feeling of pride for a nation, usually one's home nation. Nationalism urges national improvement and advancement.


 * Take notes on the following. Make sure you connect the events back to nationalism.**
 * **Unification of Italy**
 * **Count Camillo di Cavour**, in the Italian state of Piedmont, supported industrial development and extension of powers of parliament to please liberal forces.
 * 1858 - Cavour formed an alliance with France, enabling him to attack Austrian control of northern Italian provinces
 * war ensued a nationalist rebellion in other parts of the peninsula that allowed Cavour to unite most of Italy under the Piedmontese king
 * led to reduction in political power of Catholic pope, who was already an opponent of liberal and nationalist ideas
 * **Unification of Germany**
 * in Prussia, **Otto von Bismarck** began to work with a parliament and eectend the vote to all men
 * Bismarck staged a series of wars in the 1860s that expanded Prussian power in Germany
 * 1863 - used the occasion of Danish incorporation of two heavily German provinces, Schleswig and Holstein, to justify the Prussian and Austrian defeat of Denmark
 * then, maneuvered a pretext for Prussian declaration of war against Austria
 * 1886- Prussia emerged as supreme German power
 * 1871- final war against France, led to German unity
 * boasted national parliament with lower house that favored conservative state gov'ts
 * **Zionism**
 * movement originating in Eastern Europe
 * 1860s-70s that argued that Jews must return to a Middle Eastern Holy land
 * eventually identified with settlement of Palestine, after rejecting Uruguay and Argentine
 * **Brazilian Independence**
 * from 1821-1823
 * Brazil vs. Portuguese for independence
 * resulted in creation of new state independent of Portugal
 * slaves that were free were recruited into the army
 * immigrants served in army and navy
 * After Napoleon captured Portugal, ruling family fled to Brazil
 * Dom Pedro left in control and declared independence in 1822
 * monarchy
 * **Monroe Doctrine**
 * drafted to prevent European encroachment into the Americas
 * if violated, America would view violator as threat and wage war
 * prevented Europeans from est. colonies in the Americas
 * America establishes itself as a world power
 * symbol of nationalism, did not want Europeans to conquer their territory
 * **Argentine Republic**
 * 1862- replaced state of Buenos Aires
 * resulted in compromise b/t centralists and federalists
 * Domingo F. Sarmiento makes series of political and economic reforms
 * increase in foreign trade
 * foreign banks investments
 * **Balkan Nationalism**
 * 19th century- small Balkan nations won independence from Ottoman empire
 * as Turkish power declined, local nationalism arose, and Russian support for its Slavic neighbors paid off
 * Balkan nationalism threatened Austria, which had a large southern Slav population
 * Balkan issues led to several blows b/t Russia and Austria

3. Summarize the global impact of nationalism (limit to 200 words/ 1/2 page)

Nationalism is the advancing and improvement of a nation. This can be interpreted in many ways, but globally, it has motivated many nations to rebel and unify themselves. Nations can improve themselves through empire building, navy/ army building, land acquisition, etc. Land can also serve as a symbol for nationalism, with the idea of imperialism dictating the acquisition of land under a certain nation. An example of a nation revolting against its oppressors, would be the Italian Unification, in which Cavour attacked the Austrians and seized control of the northern Italian regions. His incentive for his attack on Austria was unify Italy and free it from the clutches of Austria. Balkan nationalism is also an example of this, being that the Balkans won independence from the Ottoman empire, and its Russian support became hostile towards its Slav neighbors. They focused on the importance of their nation and threatened Austria, which had a large pop. of Slav people. The Balkans remained loyal to their state. An example of an imperialistic nation, is America. America, esp. under President Roosevelt, was increasingly imperialistic and annexed many overseas regions, using them as locations for armies, crops, etc. Nationalism fueled imperialistic actions, such as those of Great Britain. They wished not to conquer overseas nations, but to civilize them, to reform them, and reaping financial benefits in the process would be just a bonus. They were motivated by nationalism, believing that they are the superior nation, and that other nations needed its help in improvement and reformation.

**Industrialization**


 * 4. Look at the data below and answer the questions that follow**

//Index Numbers of World Trade (Volume of trade in selected years compared to 1913)// // Iron Production (1000's Metric Tons) // //Years of Life Expectancy at Birth//
 * Year || Index Number ||
 * 1850 || 10 ||
 * 1870 || 24 ||
 * 1895 || 48 ||
 * 1901 || 67 ||
 * 1911 || 96 ||
 * 1913 || 100 ||
 * || 1830 || 1850 || 1913 ||
 * Britain || 700 || 2,716 || 9,792 ||
 * France || 244 || 1,262 || 4,626 ||
 * Russia || 167 || 231 || 3,870 ||
 * Germany || 111 || 246 || 14,836 ||
 * Country || Year: 1820 || Year: 1900 ||
 * Britain || 40 || 50 ||
 * Average,rest of Western Europe || 36 || 46 ||
 * United States || 39 || 47 ||
 * Japan || 34 || 44 ||
 * Russia || 28 || 32 ||
 * Average, all Latin America || 27 || 32 ||
 * Average, all Asia || 23 || 24 ||
 * Average all Africa || 23 || 24 ||


 * **Which of the data sets above do you think is the most significant? Why?**
 * The "Years of Life Expectancy at Birth" is the most significant data set because it reveals the increase in age that people are living. It relates to the population revolution, in that a reduction of disease-bearing animals and use of potato led to a population boom, and from 1820-1900, a life expectancy boom. People are living longer, and it relates to the idea of a constantly advancing and industrializing world. Life expectancy is increasing because of new medicines and prevention methods, and the constant improvement of the medical field. In countries like Britian and Japan, life expectancy increased by 10 years.
 * **Taken together what do these data sets tell us?**
 * When considered holistically, these data sets reveal the causes of industrialization. The first set shows a rise in world trade until 1913, as a result of industrialization. Industrialization caused such a change, because countries may have sought places to offload their goods, and looked for international ports to do so. The second chart shows increase in iron production, and this is, without a doubt, an effect of the industrial era. Industries, such as iron making proliferated in this era. In the third chart, life expectancy increase because of an improvement in economy, and a stable food supply.

[|Industrial Revolution Introduction.pdf]
 * 5. Read the following and answer the questions below**
 * What was the Industrial revolution?
 * It was a revolution in production, transport, and communications. Beginning in Britain, the revolution established a primacy in world trade, Enlightenment ideas of ongoing progress and rationality, improvements in food production, rapid rise in pop, and increasing demand for cotton textiles and iron. The Industrial Revolution utilized many new sources of energy to machinery. The use of coal, steam, iron, with textiles, railways, and steamships began in this period.
 * What was its origins?
 * The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in late 18th century, relying on interactions with foreign countries for raw materials, markets for manufactured goods, and places to invest. It spread gradually, first to Western Europe and US, and to the rest of the world by 1914.
 * What were its major effects?
 * Major effects of the Industrial Revolution were increasing speed in mobility, being that the time and number of people to do a job changed dramatically. These occupational changes marked hardship for some workers and made new opportunities for others. Much of the work shifted from the home to factories, and parts and people soon became interchangeable and replaceable. Work became more rigid, bound by specific times and supervised. Workers were less free and had relatively little control over the nature of their work. Industrialization led to growth of cities and boom-bust cycles, which also caused environmental problems and gov't intervention. Public health measures, organized police forces, urban planning, public education, social welfare took place as a result.


 * 6. Now referring to your textbook create a chart or mindmap of the effects of Industrialization. You must include the following**
 * Gender roles/issues
 * Family Structures
 * Social Structures
 * Extension of voting rights (chartist movement)
 * Mass leisure culture
 * Romanticism
 * Socialism
 * Communism


 * **1.)Gender Roles** || * more jobs available for women, though work remained limited
 * sales clerk, secretaries, etc.
 * wasn't accepted as social norm --> frowned upon
 * some women spent less and less time in the household, more time in factories and mills
 * girls were taught about importance of home and women's moral mission in domestic science programs
 * Social order was challenged by feminist movements of the 1900
 * sought various legal and economic gains for women, ie. equal access to professions and higher education, right to vote
 * 1914- several American states and Scandinavian countries opened vote to women
 * labor movement
 * **Emmeline Pankhurst**(1858-1928) worked for property rights for women
 * school became compulsory for children until up to age 12
 * for the most part, women's responsibility remained in child care
 * feminist movement arose b/c they resented being confined in the home ||
 * **2.) Family Structures** || * importance of children increased
 * viewed as a source of emotional satisfaction and parental responsibility, not as workers contributing to family economy
 * women's special family duties gained ground
 * material conditions improved after 1850
 * by 1900, 2/3 of Western pop. enjoyed conditions above subsistence level
 * could afford newspapers, family outings, diet+housing improved, health improved
 * 1880-1920- improvement in children's health
 * better hygiene during child birth and parental care
 * children viewed as output of happiness and responsibility of parents ||
 * **3.) Social Structures** || * emergence of working middle class
 * white collar labor force of secretaries, clerks, and salespeople
 * bureaucracies of big business and state grew
 * better wages and reduction of work hours gave ordinary people new opportunities
 * women were able to work, many of whom became clerks, secretaries, salespeople
 * more emphasis on children as source of happiness
 * children received more education
 * schooling expanded, compulsory until 12
 * gov't believed education to be vital for work skills and basis for new levels of political loyalty
 * many American states by 1900 required high school education
 * rise of socialism and feminism
 * reflected grievances of working class, with allies from other groups
 * German theologist **Karl Marx** - advocated socialism/ class struggle
 * feminism - various legal and economic rights for women, such as equal access to professions and higher education and right to vote ||
 * **4.) Extension of Voting Rights(Chartist Movement)** || * key lower class groups turned to political protest as a means of compensating for industrial change
 * artisans and workers in Britain generated new movement to gain right to vote in 1830s and 40s
 * **Chartist movement** hoped that democratic government would regulate new technologies and promote popular education
 * urban artisans pressed for serious social reform-- ie. socialism, gov't supported jobs for unemployed
 * groups of women school teachers agitated for the vote and otehr rights for women
 * **Benjamin Disraeli**, British conservative leader, took initiative of granting vote to working class men in 1867
 * **Otto von Bismarck**- Prussian prime minister- worked with Parliament and extended vote to all men
 * 1914- women able to vote in several American states and Scandinavian countries ||
 * **5.) Mass Leisure Culture** || * resulted from better wages, reduction of work hours
 * along w/ emergence of while collar labor force who served growing bureaucracies of big business and state
 * these workers, some of them women, adopted many middle-class values, as well as consumption and leisure outlets
 * factories could produce more goods in mass quantity to satisfy popular consumption
 * widespread advertising developed to promote sense of need
 * product crazes
 * 1880s - bicycle fad
 * changed previous social habits, women --> less cumbersome outfits, outpedaling others
 * **mass leisure culture** emerged
 * popular newspapers won mass subscribers
 * featured shock entertainment, appeals to reason/ political example
 * crimes, comics, sports
 * popular theater
 * comedy and musicals
 * vacation trips common
 * sports:
 * soccer, American football, baseball
 * commercial industries
 * sports equip., rubber balls, professional teams and stadiums ||
 * **6.)Romanticism** || * **Romanticism**- central artistic vision, held that emotion and impression, not reason and generalization were keys to mysteries of human experience and nature
 * artists portrayed intense passions
 * madness, not calm reflection
 * romantic novelists wanted to move readers to tears, not philosophical debate
 * painters sought empathy with beauties of nature or storm-tossed tragedy of shipwreck
 * romantics and successors after 1850 tried to violate traditional Western artistic standards
 * poetry did not have to rhyme
 * drama did not need a plot
 * painting could be evocative, not literal ||
 * **7.) Socialism** || * rise of **socialism** depended on power of grievances of working class, with allies from other groups
 * reflected redefinition of political theory by German theorist Karl Marx
 * 1848- early socialist doctrine, focused on human perfectibility: set up few exemplary communities where work and rewards would be shared, and evils of capitalism end
 * believed that history was shaped by the available means of production and who controlled those means, a reflection of looming role of technology in industrial world forming at the time
 * class struggle pitted a group out of power with group controlling
 * middle class vs aristocracy - middle class won
 * middle class vs. propertyless proletariat
 * wanted utopianism
 * led to **revisionism**
 * argued that Marx's revolutionary vision was wrong and that success could be achieved by peaceful democratic means ||
 * **8.)Communism** || * sociopolitical movement that aims for classless and stateless society
 * structured on common ownership, means of productions, free access to articles of consumption, and the end of wage labor and private property in the means of production and real estate
 * similar to Marxist interpretation of socialism:
 * every one essentially the same
 * no classes, competition, freedom of speech ||

**Imperialism** 7. Examine the map below and the data that follows - What do they show us? > > //Extent of Colonial Control//
 * This map shows British imperialism. The areas in red are countries that were subjugated by Britain. Places, such as Canada, Indian Empire, etc. were former areas of Britain.
 * every continent in the world, Britian has a colony in every continent
 * ~  ||~ Great Britain ||~ France ||~ Belgium ||~ Netherlands ||~ Germany (1914) ||
 * ~ Area in Square Miles || 94,000 || 212,600 || 11,800 || 13,200 || 210,000 ||
 * ~ Population || 45,500,100 || 42,000,000 || 8,300,000 || 8.500,000 || 67,500,000 ||
 * ~ Area of Colonies || 13,100,000 || 4,300,000 || 940,000 || 790,000 || 1,100,000 ||
 * ~ Population of Colonies || 470,000,000 || 65,000,000 || 13,000,000 || 66,000,000 || 13,000,000 ||


 * This data set depicts Britain with the greatest population in colonies. Although Britain did not have areas with the most square mileage, it had the greatest population density, which would be beneficial in trade and economy of Britain. This also shows the nationalist incentives of Britain, to spread throughout the world and to advance their nation.

SOURCE: Mary Evelyn Townsend, //European Colonial Expansion Since 1871// (Chicago: J.P. Lippincott Company, 1941), p. 19

//Percentage of Territories Belonging to the European/US Colonial Powers// (1900)
 * ||~ Percentage Controlled ||~  ||
 * ~ Africa || 90.4% ||
 * ~ Polynesia || 98.9% ||
 * ~ Asia || 56.5% ||
 * ~ Australia || 100.0% ||
 * ~ Americas || 27.2% ||

SOURCE: A. Supan, //Die territoriale Entwicklung der Euroaischen Kolonien// (Gotha, 1906), p. 254 8. Define Imperialism in your own words:
 * In this chart, the percentage of areas controlled by the British is represented. This shows the power and imperialistic activities of the British, spreading its influence throughout the Atlantic and Pacific.
 * most of these areas are controlled by foreign forces, all these regions are no longer controlled by natives peoples
 * Imperialism is the spread of a nations influence beyond its own borders.
 * subordination of foreign nations, maintaining economic principles

9. What were the motivations for Imperialism? For many nations, such as Britain, imperialism was an extension of nationalism. The idea behind imperialism was highly nationalistic, because it meant the acquisition of overseas territories in the name of the specific nation, be it to create loyalties to this nation, spread this nations ideas and religion, or for economic benefits to enrich their nation with natural resources and other resources, as exhibited in the British settling of South Africa, where many more prospectors and entrepreneurs entered b/c of the discovery of diamonds.
 * economic benefits
 * nationalism--> advancing the power of Britain
 * religious incentives

While many countries, including but not limited to France, Germany, Belgium, and the United Nations, engaged in Imperialist activity; Great Britain is known above all as the best example of a true imperialist nation. We will examine the actions of Great Britain to gain a better understanding of the nature, extent and effects of Imperialism.

10. Before note-taking, look for the following key terms (not in the glossary!) and define them in your own words.

>
 * The British East India Company
 * joint-stock trading company chartered by the British
 * exerted itself as a form of gov't in India
 * directors of of the British East India Company were as hostile as Dutch financers in territorial expansion
 * relied on Indian troops, known as **sepoys**, a practice pioneered by the French
 * Sepoys
 * Indian troops recruited from peoples throughout the subcontinent
 * Indian princes regarded British as allies whom they could count on and use and control to crush competitors from within India and put down usurpers who tried to seize their thrones
 * British Raj (Sanskrit derived name for British political establishment in India)
 * emerged as a result of responses to local threats/ opportunities
 * owed much to global rivalry b/t British and French
 * eventually split into India
 * Partition of Africa/ Berlin Conference
 * German chancellor, Otto von Bismarck called forth a meeting, which divided Africa amongst the European nations
 * Settlement Colonies
 * second major type of European overseas possession
 * plantations
 * had diff. patterns of European occupation and indigenous response
 * White Dominions
 * colonies, such as Canada and Australia, which are largely dominated by a white population
 * in these areas, natives and indigenous people make up a small percentage of the pop. b/c of decimation by diseases and wars of conquest
 * accounted for a good portion of the land area, but only a tiny majority of Britain's global empire
 * Cecil Rhodes
 * British entrepreneur, who moved in to Orange Free State in 1867 after the discovery of diamonds in that area.
 * businessman, mining magnate, and politician in South Africa
 * founder of the diamond company De Beers, which today markets 40% of the world's rough diamonds and at one time marketed 90%
 * James Cook
 * British explorer who opened Hawaii to the West through his voyages from 1777-1779
 * first welcomed as a god, landed on island during time of war forbidden
 * later return to Hawaii saw his death, as the Hawaiians scrapped his ship for metal nails

11. Now go through your book and complete the graphic organizer below
 * Country || How Britain gained control - steps to conquest || Actions taken by Britain when in control/ power || Effects/ Reactions ||
 * India (note this will be more notes than the following two nations.) || * rise of British rule in India resembled the ascension of Dutch in Java
 * hostile to territorial expansion
 * interfered with disputes/ conflicts of local princes
 * relied heavily on India troops, sepoys
 * Indians thought of British as allies who could be used to crush competitors
 * like in Java, Europeans posed a serious threat to est. Indian rulers and took control eventually
 * est. British Raj as the power in India
 * British victories won in Bengal to the northeast
 * Plassey in 1757, less than 3000 British troops and Indian sepoys defeated Indian army of nearly 50,000
 * gained control of Bengal || * army consisting of conscripted Indians --> sepoys
 * after Plassey, British officials constantly warred with Indian princes whose kingdoms bordered the company's growing possessions
 * weakened Indian kingdoms, allowed for swift British advancement inland
 * Madras, Bombay, Calcutta became centers of 3 presidencies that eventually composed of the bulk of territory the British ruled directly with India
 * left defeated/ allied Indian princes on their thrones of princely states and controlled their kingdoms through agents stationed at ruler's courts || * Initially, Indians considered the British as allies who would help them defeat competitors
 * warred with the British


 * after Plassy, the borders, in its ruins, were defended by the regional princes, who fought to defend or expand their territories at the expense of their neighbors
 * war-weakened Indian kingdoms allowed British to advance steadily inland from Madras, Bombay, Calcutta
 * no sense of Indian national identity
 * impossible for Hindu/ Muslim rulers to appeal to defense of the homeland or needed unity to drive out foreigners
 * Indian princes continued to fear and fought amongst each other, despite the growing power of the British Raj
 * ordinary Indians joined British army, for better wages, brightly colored uniforms, better weapons ||
 * South Africa || * Boers were essentially the first settlers in south Africa
 * est. as a way station
 * 19th century, British overlords arrived
 * altered interactions b/t Boers and indigenous peoples and transformed the nature of the settlement colony in the region
 * captured Cape Town during wars caused by French Rev. in 1790s
 * evangelical missionaries who entered the south Africa under protection of British overlords were largely committed to eradicating slavery || * protection of evangelical missionaries who sought to eradicate slavery
 * 1830s - continued missionary pressure and increasing British interference in the lives of Boers led many to open but futile rebellion
 * British followed Boer pioneers along southern and eastern coast, eventually est. a second major outpost at Durban in Natal
 * tensions b/t Boers and British remained high, however, much of attention was directed to frontier wars against Bantu peoples
 * 1867- diamonds discovered in **Orange Free State** republic of the Boers
 * British entrepreneurs and prospectors advanced in
 * **Cecil Rhodes**
 * 1880-1 - tensions b/t Boers and British led to a brief war, in which Boers won
 * British immigration into the republics rose higher after discovery of gold in Transvaal in 1885 || * Boers spoke a diff. language from the British
 * lived mostly in isolated rural homesteads that missed the scientific, industrial, urban revolutions that transformed British society
 * tensions b/t British and Boers remained high
 * Boers assaulted British bases in Natal, Cape Colony, etc
 * **Boer War**(1899-1902)
 * British won ||
 * New Zealand || * began in 1790s, when timber merchants and whalers est. small settlements on New Zealand coast
 * early 1850s - arrival of British farmers and herders in search of land
 * British decision to claim the islands led to Maori misery and despair
 * backed by military clout of colonial gov't, settlers occupied some of the most fertile areas of the north island || * British turned internal administration of the islands over to the settlers' representatives, the Maori's main struggle was with the invaders who had come to stay
 * western schooling and a growing ability to win British colonial officials over to their point of view eventually enabled the Maori to hold their own in their ongoing legal contests and daily exchanges with the settlers. || * Maori people who lived near the settlements of the Europeans were exposed to alcoholism and spread of prostitution
 * devastated by diseases; smallpox, tuberculosis, common cold, all of which ravaged the northern island
 * 1840s- only 80,000-90,000 Maori remained of a population as high as 130,000
 * adjusted to imports
 * traded wood and food for European firearms --> revolutionized Maori warfare
 * took up farming with European implements, and grazed cattle purchased from European traders
 * cut timber, built windmills, and traded extensively with merchants who visited their shores
 * many converted to Christianity, est. first station in 1814
 * Maori fought back against British occasionally, had temp. success, but were steadily driven back into interior of the island
 * 1860s-1870s, they flocked, in desperation, to religious prophets who promised them magical charms and supernatural assistance in their assistance in their efforts to drive out invaders ||


 * Summary**: Nationalism is a sense of national identity and focuses on the idea that a nation should further and advance itself. This notion led to the blossoming of industrialization and imperialism. Nations, such as Great Britain wanted to establish itself as a superpower in the world, feeling that their nation is the most superior. Industrialization led to a sense of nationalism, in that a nation has major technological breakthroughs, such as the British with the steam/ coal engine, which leads them to be able to gain and manufacture more goods at a faster rate. This, then contributes to nationalism, because they believe that they are technologically advance and have the means to do better work. Imperialism stems from both nationalism and industrialization. As a country becomes more powerful, control within its own borders is no longer suffice. They must exert their influence overseas, and fueled by the idea of mercantilism, seek oversea ports for sources of revenue, raw materials, slaves, etc. With income from these, the country is now able to continue overseas exploration, search for other sources of goods. Without industrialization, the imperialistic efforts of Britain and other nations would be impossible, or very difficult. Industrialization provides the technology, ie. ships, firearms, etc to conquer and explore with ease. Imperialism is largely a result of nationalism, because the nation wants to exert its influence and expand its power. It serves as a core nation, and the nations they conquer are dependent nations, dependent for influence, guidance, imports, etc. In spreading its influence over another nation beyond its borders, they have access to more materials, slaves/ men, and also enrich their nation. Imperialism supplements the idea of nationalism, in that the specific nation wields more control than just its own borders.