LA!

LATIN AMERICA
 * Economy: || Politics: || Society: ||
 * * summer of 1973 - coup against gov't in Chile
 * country at standstill, currency had not international value, inept transportation system, banks and gas stations guarded by soldiers armed with machine guns
 * continued emphasis on agriculture and mineral production, but an industrial sector emerged in some places, as well
 * 3rd world restrictiveness continued economic dependency
 * 1990s = PRI addition to NAFTA, in order to spur Mexican industry
 * trade w/ US increased, Mexico = 2nd largest US trade partner
 * drew Mexico closer into political and economic ties with the US
 * 1950 - Indian Bolivia, 90% of land was owned by 6% of the population, and a revolution erupted in 1952, which miners, peasants, and urban middle class groups participated
 * mines nationalized, some land redistributed
 * Cuban industrialization of 1960s failed
 * world's falling sugar and rising petroleum prices were subsidized by Cuban sugar and supplying oil under world price
 * US influence
 * Panama Canal
 * South American investments by American companies and enterprises and loans from US gov't
 * over $5 million
 * **banana republics:**
 * dependence on tropical products and reference to corrupt gov't
 * 1937- FDR introduction of **Good Neighbor Policy** - promised to deal more fairly and stop direct interventions
 * internationalization of labor market || * 1970- president = Salvador Allende, a socialist politician, who pushed series of reforms, such as land redistribution and allowing workers to take control of their factories
 * pledged peaceful change and respect for Chilean constitution, but political supporters were caught up in the "Popular Unity" Movement
 * cold war and nations of Latin America were pulled into the struggle b/w capitalist West aligned with US and communist with the Soviets
 * the US went to great extents to destabilize Allende regime and encouragement he received from Castro provoked conservative and middle class elements in Chile
 * 9/11/1973 - the military, back by conservative and anticommunist forces, took action and seize presidency
 * Allende died in palace, wife exiled
 * military crushed any resistance and imposed regime of authoritarian control under Augusto Pinochet
 * 3000 people killed, over 80,000 arrested for political reasons
 * 1998 - Pinochet, who commanded the Chilean army from 1974-1990, was arrested in London for crimes against humanity during his years of power
 * much of the century had been an era of struggle b/t forces of revolution and reaction
 * Cold War stimulated new revolutionary agitations under Marxist inspiration and some Soviet backing
 * 1945 - key Latin American countries were dominated by authoritarian reformers
 * 1950- Getulio Vargas returned to power in Brazil with program of populist nationalism - state controlled petroleum industry
 * Juan Peron ruled Argentina, with populist platform combined with severe political repression
 * military group drove him from power in 1955, but Peronism remained for 2 decades
 * severe political dictators = "dirty war"
 * military gov't involved Argentina in war w/ Britain in 1982
 * over Islas Malvinas, or Falkin Islands
 * 1940s - 2000 = Mexico controlled by **PRI**(Party of the Institutionalized Revolution)
 * undercut by corruption and lack of social improvement
 * 1994 - armed guerilla movement burst forth in heavily Indian southern state of Chipas
 * **Zapatistas** - in honor of Emilio Zapatista,peasant leader of 191 revoluion
 * Mexican gov't responded with combination of repression and negotiation
 * 2000 = national election ending PRI political monopoly
 * Vicente Fox, leader of conservative National Action Party(**PAN**) became president on a platform of cleaning up corruption and improving conditions for Mexican workers in US
 * After WWII = radical unrest in several smaller countries, bringing cold war tensions into effect
 * Bolivia, Guatemala, Cuba = revolutionaries trying to change nature of gov't and society, but had to accommodate realities of old war and interest of US
 * In Argentina and Brazil, problems begun by Peron and Vargas continued
 * populist authoritarian solutions
 * Mexico = continuation of one-party rule and revolution became conservative
 * countries such as Cuba and Venezuela = reform-minded democratic parties winning elections in open political system
 * 1910-1920 = Marxist socialism a political guide
 * 1944- Guatemala = Juan Jose Arevalo
 * began series of programs w/in "spiritual socialism" that included land reform and improvement of rights and conditions of rural and industrial workers
 * such nationalist programs brought gov't into direct conflict w/ foreign interests in Guatemala, esp. **United Fruit Company**
 * 1954= Jacobo Arbenz
 * more radical nationalist policy, announced several programs to improve or nationalize transportation network, hydroelectric system, and other areas of economy
 * 1954 = w/ help of US CIA, dissident military force organized and invaded Guatemala
 * Arbenz gov't collapsed and pro-American regime replacing it brought back land reform and negotiated settlemen favorable to United Fruit
 * 1934- 1944 = Cuba under **Fulgencia Batista**
 * democratic constitution of 1940: promised major changes, nationalization of natural resources, full employment, and land reform
 * July 26, 1953 = **Fidel Castro** and followers unsuccessful attack on military barracks = imprisoned
 * when released, he fled to exile in Mexico, where, w/ help of **Ernesto "Che" Guevara**, he gathered small military force and gained power in 1958, after "26th of July Movement"
 * Castro: program of sweeping change:
 * foreign properties expropriated, farms collectivized, central socialist economy est.
 * nationalist and anti-imperialist foreign polcy
 * relations w/ US broken off
 * education, health, and housing improved
 * 1970s - liberation theology combined with Catholic theology and socialist principles or Marxist catagories for understanding society in effort to improve conditions of poor
 * Soldiers taking power
 * 1946- Brazilian military overthrowing of elected president after he threatened to make sweeping social reforms
 * Argentina = polarization b/w Peronists and middle class: military intervention in 1966
 * 1973 = Chilean millitary overthrow of S**alvador Allende**
 * soldiers in power imposed bureaucratic authoritarian regime
 * mid-1980s - Argentina and other South American placed = gov't return to civilian politicians
 * military bureaucrats
 * 1983 = elections held in Argentina
 * 1985-89 = Brazilian restoration of democratic gov't
 * 1990 - Peru = Senero Luminoso, who held leftist guerilla movement and tried to disrupt national elections in 1990
 * US influence in Latin America
 * Cuba and Puerto Rice experienced direct US intervention and almost protectorate status
 * 1934- **Augusto Sandino** resistance against occupying troops until his assassination by US trained Nicaraguan guard
 * 1961- US **Alliance for Progress**, aimed to develop the region as alternative to radical political solutions || * developing nations --> societies referred to as the third world, a term used in cold war era to distinguish them form capitalist industrialized nations(WWI) and communist industrialized nations(WWII)
 * under Castro, health and education improved
 * Latin America took an intermediate position b/w the nations of the North Atlantic and developing countries of Asia and Africa
 * industrialization led to emigration and large urban growth
 * traditional associations of women with religion and Catholic church in hispanic life made reformers and revolutionaries fear that women would become conservative force in national politics
 * women formed various associations and clubs and began to push for vote and other issues, bc of exclusion from political life
 * feminist organizations and suffrage movements
 * right to vote was won in 1945
 * labor organizations were small part of story of women in labor force
 * Cuba = Law of Family guaranteed equal rights and responsibilities within the home
 * international migrations
 * countries such as Haiti fleeing political repression
 * migrants live in marginal neighborhoods or shanty towns
 * after 1940 - large urbanization
 * paternalistic movements
 * Latin America remains an amalgamation of cultures and peoples trying to adjust to changing world realities
 * popular culture remains vibrant
 * draws from African and Indian tradition crafts ||

Change Analysis Chart: Key Changes || Basic Features at the End of the Period || Causes and effects || ||  ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Theme || Basic features at beginning of period || Key Continuities
 * Social: || https://docs.google.com/document/pub?id=1H3P_CA_D4ftOhYV0gQMh_JywI12rO8aIxZ3SkVV70UI ||  ||   ||   ||
 * Political: || * political fragmentation
 * Mexico was monarchy, until 1823, when it became a republic
 * had many coups, foreign influence, economic weakness, which led to instability of the republics
 * In Cuba and Puerto Rico, independence movements were largely put down
 * unions b/w nations failed
 * physical barriers
 * Peru and Bolivian union with United provinces of La Plata failed
 * federalists, centralists, and other political groups began to form in Latin America
 * church became increasingly more influential
 * liberals and conservatives divided
 * helped in development of education system and economy || Continuities:
 * republican-style government || * as a result of different independence movements, there was an introduction of republics
 * corporatism,
 * authoritarianism
 * populism,
 * corporatism
 * nationalist programs brought gov't into direct conflict w/ foreign interests in Guatemala, esp.United Fruit Company
 * 1954 = w/ help of US CIA, dissident military force organized and invaded Guatemala || * independence movements
 * US intervention:
 * CIA in Guatemala
 * NAFTA - affected economic and political conditions
 * Good Neighbor Policy - continued US presence in Latin America ||
 * ^  ||^   || Changes:
 * independence movements leading to different gov'ts
 * dictatorship in Cuba
 * authoritarianism
 * populism
 * corporatism ||^  ||^   ||
 * corporatism ||^  ||^   ||