20th+Century+Nationalism

20th Century Nationalism

Indian Independence  Middle East  Africa Wild Wild West Russia x China Latin America Pacific Rim Globalization: 1991 - Present Genocides


 * 1.)Read 636-643** -take notes to Identify major changes and conituities of the upcoming unit:


 * Triggers for Change:**
 * **MI: With WWI, worldwide economic depression, and then WWII, the world of European dominance began to wane. European influence became increasingly resisted, with pop. growth, massive technological innovation, and decolonization**.
 * The 2 world wars caused massive loss of economic, demographic, and political vitality.
 * impossible to maintain exclusive economic dominance
 * 19th century political order began to crumble at the hands of growing anticolonial nationalisms
 * many former colonies were able to develop sufficient military arsenals to make outside intervention expensive
 * trigger 1: collapse of European imperial dominance and decolonization
 * Q1: What framework will replace the system?
 * on the eve of the cold war b/t US and SU, a political, economic, and policy framework was forged
 * once this ended, the U.S. emerged as sole superpower
 * new methods of transportation and communication provided a third defining feature and led another stage in the capacity to move people, goods, and ideas worldwide
 * radio, satellite transmissions, and the Internet intertwined the world
 * new tech. redefined military life
 * increase in destructive warfare, boundaries b/t military personnel an civilians blurred, and even outside of outright war, it became possible to kill more people rapidly than before
 * trigger 2: Massive technological innovation
 * Q2: which aspect-- military capacity or global communications networks-- should be emphasized?
 * drastic increase in population
 * stemmed from public health measures, introduced beginning in 19th century
 * improvements in food supply kept pace, though some regions experienced devastating famines
 * pop. growth, in some regions, was accompanied by mass urbanization
 * trigger 3: demographic explosion
 * Q3: Will historians look back on this framework for disaster, inevitably leading to exhaustion of resources, battle for space, and pollution; or will new population levels prove manageable and self-correcting, as rapid declines in birth rates by 2000 might suggest?
 * The Big Changes:**
 * **MI: Revolutions in some countries and decolonization in many created the necessity for political innovation. The 20th century saw a wider use of some sort of democracy; totalitarian gov'ts-- communist or facist-- seeking as full control over society as possibly; or new forms of authoritarianism, including one-party rule.**
 * with greater political influence and new political regimes, many parts of the world made systematic efforts to improve their position in the world economy.
 * some regions joined western Europe and US as advanced industrial societies at the top of the economic heap, i.e. Japan and Pacific Rim
 * others took advantage of global resources, such as oil
 * some focused on replacing excessive reliance on economic leaders in favor of local manufacturing, known as substitution
 * others developed modern export sectors
 * biggest change from 1970s onward:
 * China became global manufacturing engine
 * India enhanced exports and developed as center for outsourcing of services
 * Brazil = 4th largest computer exporter
 * cultural change:
 * 3 cultural forces encouraged new secular loyalties:
 * nationalism won allegiance from many people
 * marxism was a persuasive belief system for many during much of the 20th century
 * West and Japan emerged leadership in consumer values and a faith in science
 * cold war = worldwide competition b/t Marxism and Western consumerism
 * 1970s on- fundamental religious values gained ground, using tech to spread message
 * cultural debates, along w/ political and economic changes, involved gender
 * movements toward increases in education, new legal rights, and a stronger political voice for women
 * by end of 20th century, declining birth rates added another dimension to changing lives of women
 * lost ground economically, as men took more profitable jobs
 * in second half of 20th century, a new round of globalization took place
 * during middle decades of 20th century, globalization receded
 * SU pulled out of international economic and political system, along w/ Nazi Germany and authoritarian Japan, and China in 1960s, and US, in the event of isolationism
 * tech. promoted further contacts to continue to accelerate
 * Germany, Japan, and US became active global players
 * multinational corporations depended on closer global integration than earlier international corporations
 * from 1970s onward, a massive network of international nongovernmental organizations emerged, trying to deal with an array of issues from human rights to the environment to sweatshop labor
 * global cultural change revolved around consumerism
 * pop. growth encouraged new forms of migration that brought people from Africa, Asia, and Latin America to industrial centers in the US, Western Europe, and Japan
 * globalization = new kinds of environmental change
 * multinational corporations were involved with the recurrent pollution crises, ie. oil spills and chemical disasters
 * air pollution, causing acid rain, brought smoke from industrial regions to forests hundreds of miles away
 * Continuity:**
 * **MI: In the late 20th century, many believed that change was accelerating more rapidly that at any previous point in world history. With such changes, were also continuities, which included low-cost production, resistance to change, and in response to change, many societies retained larger orientations derived from their traditions.**
 * while some regions advanced industrialization, others continued to focus on low-cost production of raw materials and foods
 * in 20th century, many industrial countries intensified control over most African exports
 * parts of Latin America and southeast Asia were still dominated by older constraints of the world economy
 * worldwide, by 2005, less that 30% of the world's people had access to the internet--> reminder of ongoing limitations
 * great resistance to change around the world
 * many societies hesitated over redefinitions of gender relations
 * many places, such as Africa and Middle East, girls remained less likely to receive primary education than boys
 * many regions attempted to discipline change by combining it with older traditions
 * food chain McDonald's, accepted essential adjustments to local customs, serving wine and beer in its European outlets
 * in response to change, many societies retained larger orientations derived from their traditions
 * early in 21st century, it was evident that the US continued to be extremely suspicious of participating in international agreements that might limit its sovereignty
 * Russia's return to authoritarianism in early 21st century reminded many observers of the strong continuities b/t tsarist political systems, communism, and new leadership-- all intolerant of internal opposition and critique
 * Impact on Daily Life: Emotions and Behavior:**
 * **MI: Key developments in the 20th and 21st centuries impacted people's emotions and behavior. Many emotional and behavioral formulations reflect individual personality or particular cultures, and some emotional and behavioral standards continued to characterize specific civilizations in the 20th century. Three kinds of changes reflected this; the destruction of social inequality, demographic changes, and spread of global consumerism.**
 * in many societies, efforts to destroy social inequality involved attempts to reverse emotional passivity
 * Mao Zedong urged peasants to cast off their traditional reluctance to show anger
 * civil rights leaders in the US wrote childrearing manuals to show African American parents how to instill new assertiveness in their children rather than more traditional deference.
 * demographic change had emotional and behavioral implications:
 * emotional attachment to children increase as families lowered their birth rates
 * American families in 20th century could rarely survive death of a child w/out divorce
 * by 1990s Chinese educators were noting growing debates with school officials over proper treatment of particular children by teams of parents and grandparents, now focusing on fate of one child
 * spread of global consumerism affected some behaviors
 * McDonald's set up its first restaurants in Soviet Russia, it had to teach workers to smile and pretend to be cheerful, a marked contrast to the surly style common among salespeople in Soviet system
 * many consumers played up emotions like romantic love and play down emotions like grief.


 * Analyze the three maps on page 637. What can they tell us about this stage of world history - explain in detail**
 * The first map shows the different territories and their possessions by 1914. It is important to note some of the declines that took place prior to this time frame, such as the decline of the Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, and part of the Russian empires, that led to the change in such possessions and change in the borders. In 1914, the type of political institution in power was either a monarchy or empire, but by the 21st century, emerged many different types of government. 1914 also saw an aristocracy in its political system, but this was displaced by rise of industry, and eventually, as the final map reveals, the rise of multinational corporations. The second map shows the political state of the world, in its divided nation-states. This is a result of globalization, causing the development of new individual identities.


 * **M**ilitarism
 * **A**lliances
 * **I**mperialism
 * **N**ationalism
 * Balkans


 * 2.)Read 647-649** outline the causes of the First World War
 * __//Out of fear for Germany's growing economic and military power, Russia allied itself with republican France and democratic Britain//__
 * early 1890s- German ruler, Kaiser Wilhelm II intensified threat of Germany through arrogance and aggressive posturing of Germany
 * French hoped that their alliance with Russia would lead to two-front war that would inhibit Germany's rising supremacy and allowed France to recover the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine.
 * Britain joined Russia and France to form **Triple Entente** in early 1900s
 * were met with counteralliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy = Central Power
 * Germany shifted from defensive triple alliance to growing dependence on Central Power
 * sought to draw Italy into its coalition with promises of support for its efforts at colonial expansion
 * Italy's role was tentative as a result of Austria-Hungarian inhibitions
 * 1915- entered the conflict on side of Triple Entente
 * //__In the decades leading up to WWI, most European powers had been involved with empire-building overseas, and they came to equate the prestige of "great power" status with the possession of colonies__//
 * their rivalries heightened nationalist sentiments in each country
 * by 1900, most of the world's available territories had been captured
 * 1900s- scramble for few areas that were unclaimed --> great tensions in European diplomatic system
 * French annexation of Morocco
 * German threats of war, twice, if French continued, but backed off when no other European power supported
 * 1911- international crisis over Morocco- Germans bought off by French concession
 * //__imperialist rivalries intensified growing divisions b/t the two alliances and fed the **jingoism** (warlike nationalist sentiments that spread widely among the middle and working class throughout Europe)__//
 * most European powers, like the Balkans, were eager to vie for increased territories and prevent rival nations from advancing at their country's expense
 * //__imperialism and alliance system linked to arms races__//
 * naval rivalry most contested
 * Germans' decision to build a navy that could threaten Great Britain's long standing control of the world's oceans was one of the key reasons for Britain's move for military cooperation with France and Russia
 * led to greatest arms race of all time
 * new warships, ie Dreadnought launched in 1906
 * armies grew in size and firepower, and practiced massive maneuvers that national leaders were prepared to implement in the event of outbreak of general war
 * //__Diplomatic and military competition tied foreign policy to spiraling domestic tensions__//
 * after 1900- all major industrial nations faced growing labor unrest
 * strikes, growth of trade unions, and votes for socialist parties
 * business class and political elite were alarmed by these challenges to their dominance
 * sought diplomatic success and confrontations with rival powers to distract their subjects from social problems at home
 * those in power supported military buildups b/c they provided employment for the working classes and huge profits to industrialists who were pillars of support for each European regime
 * //__in the years before 1914, decades of rivalry and mounting tensions within the European state system were increasingly centered on the Balkans__//
 * Russia sought to back Serbia in its resistance to advance of Austria-Hungary
 * complex ethnic divisions and interstate rivalries of the Balkan area mirrored the growing crisis of Europe as a whole.
 * In July 1914, Serbian nationalist, Gavriel Princip assassinated heir to the Austia-Hungarian throne, Archduke Ferdinand and his wife, Sarajevo
 * bolstered by "blank check" promised by German leaders for reprisals against Serbia, the Austro-Hungarians drew up a list of demands that was impossible for the Serbs to meet w/out surrendering their sovereignty
 * Austria-Hungary was determined to put an end to decades of Serbian challenges to their control over portions of the Balkans, and thus were clearly intent on forcing a war
 * when Russia promised to support their Slavic brethren in Serbia, if war broke out, the alliance systems that had been forged in the preceding decade came into effect
 * regional war among Balkan states and their Austrian/ Russian backers was transformed into threat of general European war
 * July 1914- mobilization of armies of the great powers b/c of inept diplomacy and widespread sense of resignation to the eventual outbreak of war
 * German mobilization = war
 * b/c they had faced possibility of massive combat on two fronts since 1890s, the Germans had devised an intricate plan to first attack in the west and defeat France before turning to the slower mobilized Russians in the east
 * Alliance systems were locked into war when Russia mobilized against Germany and Germany invaded Belgium
 * British entered conflict b/c of promise to protect Belgium
 * British naval ally, Japan, entered the war
 * British ruled colonial outposts, such as White Dominions of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Britain's imperial possessions, India and across Africa and southeast Asia were brought into the war.

** 3. I See/ It Means on 1912 Punch Cartoon above: **


 * I See || It Means ||
 * * boiling pot w/ smoke
 * "The Boiling Point"
 * 5 men sitting in a pot labeled "Balkan troubles" || * The boiling pot can represent the melting pot, in which, instead of race relations, its political relations, and all 5 countries are intertwined. The pot can also represent Balkan nationalism, and the idea that it can no longer be contained. An example of this would be the assassination of Ferdinand. The smoke can symbolize the erupting tensions b/t the Balkans and Austria-Hungary
 * signifies the "point" at which WWI will take place. This essentially represents the outbreak of WWI, starting with the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and his wife, Austria-Hungary demanding reparations, Russia's vow to support the Serbs, and even German mobilization for war, which intertwined every other nation.
 * illustrates the different nations, Russia, Britain, France, Austria-Hungary and their roles in the Balkan troubles, ie. Russian support of the Serbs, British engaging in war when Belgium is invaded, etc.
 * Balkan's were cause of WWI, w/ assassination of Ferdinand, which would elevate into WWI ||


 * 4. Read the 14 Points points by Woodrow Wilson found** here:@http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/President_Wilson%27s_Fourteen_Points


 * 5. Answer the following questions in your wiki - Start at "It will be our wish..." (10th paragraph)**


 * **How does the introduction relate to the causes of WWI? **
 * The introduction relates to the causes of WWI, in that the Balkans saw peace as liberation from Austria-Hungary, but attained such peace through violence and secret societies. The "secret covenants"(1) alliances, such as those forged between Russia and Serbia is one of the causes leading up to WWI. The peace of the world was "upset" when Germany executed its intricate plan and invaded Belgium.
 * wanted the world to be at peace from war, which is why he introduced 14 Points
 * **What does Wilson suggest was the reason for American entry into the war?**
 * Wilson believes that American entry into the war was to maintain peace and safety throughout the world. He feels that "violations of right had occurred which touched us to the quick and made the life of our own people impossible unless they were corrected and the world secure once for all against their recurrence". The world must work against force and aggression, because all the people of the world are partnered into this situation. He wants to prevent secret covenants, as he states "no secret understandings of any kind."
 * wanted to protect citizens from danger
 * assist the people of Russia
 * make the world safe for democracy
 * **How would you summarize the main objectives of the 14 Points? **
 * The objectives of the 14 Points focuses on "free trade", "navigation of seas", and preventing secret covenants(Pt.1) It also focuses on changes in political boundaries, evacuations and improving the sovereignty of some of these areas, such as the Turkish part of the Ottoman empire. Wilson also believes that there should be free, open-minded, and impartial adjustment of all colonial claims.
 * **How might the colonies of Britain and France react to the 14 points? **
 * British and French colonial overlords may be infuriated by the 14 Points, because it would limit their control within their colonial outputs, as Point V states that the populations have the same "claims of the gov't whose title is to be determined." This would limit the control that British and French overlords have over their colonies. British and French colonies might view the 14 Points as justification for equal political representation, as stated by Point V, and they will have equal opinion and decision-making in their gov't.
 * Point I, diplomacy of world, no other political institutions, denouncing every other political institution besides diplomacy
 * colonists would probably rejoice over the 14 Points, because it would justify their freedom and desire for freedom from their oppressive colonial overlords
 * Balkan nationalism seemed to be ended by the Point XI
 * Point 5 = self-determinism
 * British merchant would gain more profit through free trade
 * transparency= openess and democracy
 * after WWI, colonies wanted independence